Device for reducing head and neck injury for helmet wearer

ABSTRACT

A motion restrictor device is wearable with a helmet to reduce the risk of head or spine injury caused by injurious movement of the helmet. The device includes a harness wearable by a user of the helmet and a helmet-engaging component supported on the harness. The helmet-engaging component presents laterally spaced apart, fore-and-aft extending helmet-engagement surfaces positioned on opposite sides of the neck of the user when the device is worn.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This is a continuation-in-part of prior application Ser. No. 15/007,001,filed Jan. 26, 2016, entitled DEVICE FOR REDUCING HEAD AND NECK INJURYFOR HELMET WEARER, which claims the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalApplication Ser. No. 62/107,867, filed Jan. 26, 2015, entitled DEVICEFOR REDUCING HEAD AND NECK INJURY FOR HELMET WEARER, both of which arehereby incorporated in their entireties by reference herein. Thisapplication also claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser.No. 62/451,534, filed Jan. 27, 2017, entitled DEVICE FOR REDUCING HEADAND NECK INJURY FOR HELMET WEARER, which is hereby incorporated in itsentirety by reference herein.

BACKGROUND 1. Field

The present invention relates generally to a device operable to restrictmotion of a protective helmet. More specifically, embodiments of thepresent invention concern a motion restrictor device that is designed toreduce the risk of injury caused by excessive or overly rapid movementof a helmet.

2. Discussion of Prior Art

Personal protective safety gear has long been used in connection withvarious types of physical activity to provide cushioning and to protectthe user from injurious movement as a result of the activity. Forinstance, participants in various vehicular sporting activities havelong used safety helmets to protect the user's head from injuriouscontact with an exterior object. Similarly, participants also useprotective gear when taking part in physical sports activities that donot involve a vehicle (e.g., snow skiing, ice hockey, or football) butcan cause bodily injury to the participant.

Although helmets provide effective protection against some injuries, itis also well known for the helmet wearer to don additional protectivegear to limit head and neck injuries. For instance, it is known for anoff-road motorcycle operator to wear a collar structure that fits on topof the operator's shoulder and around the operator's neck. Thisconventional collar is configured to engage the helmet as the neckflexes and limit the amount of flexing movement.

However, this conventional safety gear has various deficiencies. Forinstance, conventional helmets and collars lack sufficient protectionwhen the operator experiences a head-first collision with an externalobject. More particularly, conventional safety gear inadequatelyrestricts compression of the operator's neck and spine during ahead-first collision. Additionally, to the extent that any prior artsafety gear provides some nominal restriction to compression of theoperator's neck and spine, such equipment excessively restricts thehelmet's free range of movement during normal operation.

SUMMARY

The following brief summary is provided to indicate the nature of thesubject matter disclosed herein. While certain aspects of the presentinvention are described below, the summary is not intended to limit thescope of the present invention.

Embodiments of the present invention provide a motion restrictor thatdoes not suffer from the problems and limitations of prior art safetydevices used with helmets.

A first aspect of the present invention concerns a motion restrictordevice to be worn with a protective helmet so as to reduce the risk ofhead or spine injury caused by injurious movement of the helmet. Themotion restrictor device broadly includes a harness, a helmet-engagingcomponent, and a brake assembly. The harness is wearable by a user ofthe helmet. The helmet-engaging component is supported on the harness.The helmet-engaging component presents laterally spaced apart,fore-and-aft extending helmet-engagement surfaces positioned on oppositesides of the neck of the user when the device is worn. Each of thehelmet-engagement surfaces is configured to shift along a range ofmotion while in contact with the helmet as the helmet moves. Thehelmet-engaging component is operable to yieldably bias each of thehelmet-engagement surfaces toward the helmet when the device is worn,such that contact with the helmet is maintained as the helmet-engagementsurface shifts through the range of motion. The brake assembly isoperable to restrict shifting of at least one of the helmet-engagementsurfaces in response to injurious movement of the helmet.

This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in asimplified form that are further described below in the detaileddescription. This summary is not intended to identify key features oressential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended tobe used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. Other aspectsand advantages of the present invention will be apparent from thefollowing detailed description of the embodiments and the accompanyingdrawing figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES

Preferred embodiments of the invention are described in detail belowwith reference to the attached drawing figures, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a front perspective of a helmet and a motion restrictor, withthe motion restrictor being constructed in accordance with a firstpreferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a side elevation of the helmet and motion restrictor shown inFIG. 1, showing the helmet and motion restrictor donned by a user in anormally upper position;

FIG. 3 is an upper rear perspective of the motion restrictor shown inFIGS. 1 and 2, showing a harness, a helmet-engaging component, andcentrifugal brake assemblies of the motion restrictor, with thehelmet-engaging component including a pair of levers in an uppermostposition adjacent and above the normally upper position;

FIG. 4 is a lower rear perspective of the motion restrictor shown inFIGS. 1-3;

FIG. 5 is another lower rear perspective of the motion restrictor shownin FIGS. 1-4;

FIG. 6 is a fragmentary perspective of the motion restrictor shown inFIGS. 1-5, showing a spool, connecting strap, and axle of thecentrifugal brake assembly mounted within a brake housing of theharness, with the centrifugal brake assembly being in a first positionassociated with the uppermost position of the levers;

FIG. 7 is a fragmentary perspective of the motion restrictor similar toFIG. 6, but taken from the opposite side of the centrifugal brakeassembly to show a brake member assembly mounted within the housing,with the brake member assembly including a rotatable frame, pawls,springs, and an annular body, and with the pawls being in a retractedposition;

FIG. 8 is a side elevation of the centrifugal brake assembly and brakehousing shown in FIGS. 1-7;

FIG. 9 is a side elevation of the centrifugal brake assembly and brakehousing similar to FIG. 8, but taken from the opposite side of thecentrifugal brake assembly to show the brake member assembly mountedwithin the housing;

FIG. 10 is an exploded perspective of the centrifugal brake assembly andbrake housing shown in FIGS. 1-9;

FIG. 11 is an exploded perspective of the centrifugal brake assembly andbrake housing similar to FIG. 10, but taken from the opposite side ofthe centrifugal brake assembly and brake housing;

FIG. 12 is a side elevation of the helmet and motion restrictor similarto FIG. 2, but showing the helmet shifted downwardly so that the leversare shifted downwardly from the upper position to an intermediateposition;

FIG. 13 is a side elevation of the centrifugal brake assembly and brakehousing similar to FIG. 8, but showing the centrifugal brake assembly ina second position associated with the intermediate position of thelevers, with the connecting strap being drawn out of the brake housingso that the spool is rotated in an unwinding direction to a secondposition;

FIG. 14 is a side elevation of the centrifugal brake assembly and brakehousing similar to FIG. 9, but showing the brake member assembly in thesecond position and the pawls shifted into a braking position where thepawls engage stops of the annular body;

FIG. 15 is a side elevation of the helmet and motion restrictor similarto FIG. 12, but showing the helmet shifted downwardly so that the leversare shifted downwardly from the intermediate position to a lowermostposition;

FIG. 16 is a side elevation of the centrifugal brake assembly and brakehousing similar to FIG. 13, but showing the centrifugal brake assemblyin a third position associated with the lowermost position of thelevers, with the connecting strap being drawn out of the brake housingso that the spool is rotated in an unwinding direction from the secondposition to the third position;

FIG. 17 is a side elevation of the centrifugal brake assembly and brakehousing similar to FIG. 14, but showing the brake member assembly in thethird position and the pawls in the retracted position;

FIG. 18 is an enlarged fragmentary side elevation of the motionrestrictor shown in FIGS. 1-17, showing the levers in a stored positionadjacent the lowermost position, with a catch of the levers projectingdownwardly into shoulder plates of the harness;

FIG. 19 is a cross section of the motion restrictor taken along line19-19 in FIG. 18, showing a latch of the harness that engages the catchand thereby secures the lever in the stored position;

FIG. 20 is a cross section of the motion restrictor taken along line20-20 in FIG. 18, showing the latch received by a slot of the catch;

FIG. 21 is a fragmentary schematic view of the motion restrictor shownin FIGS. 1-20, showing a computing device operably coupled to a sensorand to electromagnets of the brake member assembly;

FIG. 22 is a side elevation of a helmet and motion restrictorconstructed in accordance with a second preferred embodiment of thepresent invention, showing a harness, helmet-engaging component, andcentrifugal brake assemblies of the motion restrictor, with thehelmet-engaging component including a pair of flexible leaf springelements in an upper position; and

FIG. 23 is a side elevation of the helmet and motion restrictor similarto FIG. 22, but showing the leaf spring elements flexed downwardly bythe helmet, with a strap of one of the centrifugal brake assembliesbeing unwound from the spool;

FIG. 24 is a fragmentary side elevation of the helmet and motionrestrictor shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, showing the helmet and motionrestrictor donned by a wearer and the helmet in a reference helmetorientation, where the spine assumes a normal unflexed curvature;

FIG. 25 is a fragmentary side elevation of the helmet and motionrestrictor similar to FIG. 24, but showing the wearer's neck in flexionand the helmet rotated forwardly to define a helmet angle relative tothe reference helmet orientation;

FIG. 26 is a fragmentary side elevation of the helmet and motionrestrictor similar to FIG. 24, but showing the wearer's neck inextension and the helmet rotated rearwardly to define a helmet anglerelative to the reference helmet orientation;

FIG. 27 is a bottom view of the helmet shown in FIGS. 1, 2, and 24-26;

FIG. 28 is a fragmentary side elevation of a helmet and motionrestrictor constructed in accordance with a third preferred embodimentof the present invention, with the helmet being identical to the helmetshown in FIGS. 1, 2, and 24-27, and showing the helmet and motionrestrictor donned by a wearer and the helmet in a reference helmetorientation, where the spine assumes a normal unflexed curvature;

FIG. 29 is a fragmentary side elevation of the helmet and motionrestrictor similar to FIG. 28, but showing the wearer's neck in flexionand the helmet rotated forwardly to define a helmet angle relative tothe reference helmet orientation;

FIG. 30 is a fragmentary side elevation of the helmet and motionrestrictor similar to FIG. 28, but showing the wearer's neck inextension and the helmet rotated rearwardly to define a helmet anglerelative to the reference helmet orientation,

FIG. 31 is a front perspective of a helmet and motion restrictorconstructed in accordance with a fourth preferred embodiment of thepresent invention, showing a harness with forward and aft sectionsconnected by shoulder straps and below-arm straps; and

FIG. 32 is a rear perspective of the helmet and motion restrictor shownin FIG. 31.

The drawing figures do not limit the present invention to the specificembodiments disclosed and described herein. The drawings are notnecessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon clearlyillustrating the principles of the preferred embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Turning initially to FIGS. 1 and 2, a motion restrictor 30 isconstructed in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the presentinvention. The motion restrictor 30 is configured to be worn by a user Pto control the movement of a helmet H when the helmet H is exposed toexcessive acceleration and/or external force. More particularly, themotion restrictor 30 is configured to decelerate and stop the helmet Hin response to excessive acceleration and/or external force,particularly when the acceleration or force could lead to injury of theuser. For instance, the motion restrictor 30 is configured to be worn bythe user P when the user P wears the helmet H while riding a vehicle(e.g., an off-road vehicle such as a bicycle, motorcycle, all terrainvehicle (ATV), automobile, etc.). It will be appreciated by those ofordinary skill in the art that the user P can be exposed to excessiveacceleration and/or external forces when the vehicle (not shown) travelsover terrain that is undulating or rough, or includes various obstacles(such as a ridge, gulley, terrace, rock, brush, snow, mud, etc.), orduring a crash of the vehicle.

However, the principles of the present invention are applicable for auser P who participates in an another type of physical activity whilewearing a helmet, particularly where the activity involves some risk ofbodily injury to the user P. For instance, various features of thepresent invention are applicable where the user P wears a helmet andparticipates in a sporting activity other than riding a vehicle, such assnow skiing, ice hockey, or football.

As will be discussed, the motion restrictor 30 is preferably configuredto decelerate and stop the helmet H and control helmet motion withoutbeing a continuous or permanent connection to the helmet H. The motionrestrictor 30 preferably includes a harness 32, a helmet-engagingcomponent 34, centrifugal brake assemblies 36, and an electroniccontroller 38.

The helmet H comprises a conventional motorcycle safety helmet that isdonned by the user P to cover and protect the user's head (not shown).In the usual manner, the helmet H serves to restrict an external objectfrom directly contacting the user's head. Furthermore, the helmet Hgenerally distributes and dampens an external force applied to thehelmet H.

The helmet H includes a continuous shell 40 that presents a face opening(not shown), a lowermost margin 42 at the bottom of the shell 40, and alower helmet opening 43 defined by the lowermost margin 42 (see FIGS. 2,24, and 27). The helmet H also includes an adjustable visor 44 that isshiftable into and out of a covering position (see FIG. 1) where thevisor 44 covers the face opening.

However, it is within the scope of the present invention where analternative helmet is worn by the user P and used in connection with themotion restrictor 30.

Turning to FIGS. 1-5, the harness 32 is configured to support andposition the motion restrictor 30 relative to the user's head when themotion restrictor 30 is donned by the user P. The harness 32 alsopreferably serves to limit at least some movement of the helmet H. Forinstance, the harness 32 is preferably configured to engage the helmet Hduring excessive neck extension. The harness 32 preferably includesforward and aft sections 46 and 48, respectively, that are removablyconnected to one another. In the illustrated embodiment, the sections46,48 cooperatively form a relatively rigid and substantially continuouscollar 50 to surround the neck of the user P. The harness 32 alsopreferably includes a centrifugal brake housing 51 and a lockingretainer assembly 52.

The illustrated aft section 48 preferably includes a back panel 54 and ashoulder support 56 that are integrally formed with one another todefine a unitary and generally rigid structure. The back panel 54presents upper and lower margins 58 and 60 (see FIG. 2) and has agenerally upright structure that extends between the upper and lowermargins 58 and 60. The back panel 54 presents a generally upright andforward-facing back positioning surface 62 (see FIG. 1) that isconfigured to contact and extend vertically along the user's back B.However, it will be appreciated that the harness 32 could include analternative structure to engage and position the harness 32 relative tothe back B.

The shoulder support 56 is unitary and preferably includes an aft plate64 and shoulder plates 66 a,b (see FIG. 3). The aft plate 64 projectsgenerally rearwardly from the upper margin 58 of the back panel 54. Theshoulder plates 66 project forwardly from the aft plate 64 and the uppermargin 58 of the back panel 54 and are configured for placement on topof the user's shoulders S.

The aft plate 64 is preferably curved to define a generally concaveshaped upper stop surface 68 (see FIG. 3). When the harness 32 is donnedby the user P, the stop surface 68 is operable engage the helmet Hduring excessive neck extension by the user P. That is, the stop surface68 preferably serves to limit the amount of neck extension by the userP.

However, it will be appreciated that the aft plate 64 could bealternatively configured without departing from the scope of the presentinvention.

Turning to FIGS. 1-5 and 18, the shoulder plates 66 a,b are eachelongated and include female connectors 70 that define forwardmost endsof the aft plate 64. The female connectors 70 each include tabs 72 thatcooperatively define a slot 74 and present holes 76 (see FIGS. 3 and18). Each shoulder plate 66 presents upper and lower surfaces 78 and 80(see FIG. 18). Each shoulder plate 66 also presents a lateral socket 82and an upright slot 84 that intersect one another (see FIGS. 18-20). Aswill be discussed, the socket 82 is configured to operably receive theretainer assembly 52.

When the harness 32 is donned by the user P, the shoulder plates 66 areconfigured to rest on the user's shoulders S so that the lower surfaces80 are engaged with the shoulders S. However, the harness 32 couldinclude an alternative structure to engage and position the harness 32relative to the shoulders S.

Turning to FIGS. 18-20, each retainer assembly 52 preferably includes alatch 86 and a pair of springs 88 mounted alongside one another in thesocket 82. The latch 86 includes a latch body 90, a tab 92, and a tooth94. The latch body 90 and tooth 94 cooperatively define adownward-facing slot 96.

The latch 86 is removably retained in the socket 82 with threadedfasteners 98. The latch 86 is slidable within the socket 82 along alateral direction between a latched position (see FIGS. 19 and 20) andan unlatched position (see FIGS. 3-5). The springs 88 are configured andpositioned to bias the latch 86 into the unlatched position. The springs88 also permit the latch 86 to be shifted toward the latched position bypushing the tab 92 in an inboard direction. As will be discussed, theretainer assemblies 52 are configured to removably engage thehelmet-engaging component 34.

The back panel 54 and shoulder support 56 of the aft section 48preferably include a synthetic resin material. More preferably, the backpanel 54 and shoulder support 56 include a carbon fiber compositematerial having carbon fiber. While not shown, the aft section 48 alsopreferably includes a metal framework around which the compositematerial is formed. Such metal components can include carbon steel,stainless steel, aluminum, and/or titanium. It is within the ambit ofthe present invention for the aft section 48 to alternatively includeone or more types of synthetic resin materials and/or one or more typesof metal materials.

Turning again to FIGS. 1-5 and 18, the forward section 46 preferablycomprises a unitary structure that includes a breastplate 100 and maleconnectors 102. The forward section 46 presents a chest positioningsurface 104 that is configured to contact and extend vertically alongthe user's chest C. The male connectors 102 define aft ends of theforward section 46. Each male connector 102 includes tabs 106 that arepositioned adjacent to one another and cooperatively define a slot 108.The male connector 102 also includes studs 110 (see FIG. 18) integrallyformed with the tabs 106. Although the forward section 46 preferably hasa unitary frame construction suitable to engage the user's chest C, theforward section could have a segmented construction that is relativelymore flexible. For instance, an alternative breastplate could include apair of breastplate segments positioned on opposite lateral sides of thechest C and connected by one or more flexible webbing straps that permitthe segments to flex relative to one another (e.g., about a verticalaxis).

The forward section 46 preferably includes a synthetic resin material.More preferably, the forward section 46 includes a carbon fibercomposite material having carbon fiber. While not shown, the forwardsection 46 also preferably includes a metal framework around which thecomposite material is formed. Such metal components can include carbonsteel, stainless steel, aluminum, and/or titanium. It is within theambit of the present invention where the forward section 46 includes oneor more types of synthetic resin materials and/or one or more types ofmetal materials.

The forward section 46 is removably attached to the aft section 48 byinserting the male connectors 102 within the slots 74 presented by thefemale connectors 70. The male connectors 102 are removably attached byfitting the studs 110 within corresponding ones of the holes 76 to forma joint 112 (see FIGS. 1 and 2). In particular, the tabs 106 of maleconnectors 102 can be yieldably flexed toward each other, into a flexedposition (see FIG. 18), to permit insertion of the male connector 102within the female connector 70. Once the studs 110 are aligned withholes 76, the tabs 106 are permitted to move away from each other, andout of the flexed position, so that the studs 110 engage the holes 76.Specifically, the yieldable flexing of the tabs 106 in the flexedposition urges the tabs 106 to move out of the flexed position.

When attached to one another, the back panel 54, shoulder plates 66, andbreastplate 100 cooperatively define the collar 50. The collar 50presents a central neck opening 114 configured to receive the neck N ofthe user P. The neck opening extends in the fore-and-aft direction topresent opposite fore and aft neck opening ends 114 a,114 b (see FIG.3). The collar 50 preferably extends endlessly about the neck opening114. However, the harness 32 could be alternatively configured to definethe neck opening 114 without departing from the scope of the presentinvention. For example, in regard to some aspects of the presentinvention, the collar need not be continuous, with one or more of thepanel and plates including spaced apart sections or being whollyremoved.

The harness 32 also preferably includes a pair of webbing straps (notshown) to interconnect the sections 46,48. Specifically, the straps areattached to corresponding side margins 116 of the back panel 54. Whensecured, the straps extend generally horizontally and in a forwarddirection from the back panel 54 for removable attachment tocorresponding side margins 118 of the forward section 46.

The straps are sized and configured to snugly secure the harness 32 onthe user P while restricting harness movement relative to the user P.For instance, the straps serve to restrict upward movement of theharness 32. In particular, the straps are sized and configured to flexthe forward section 46 and/or aft section 48 so that the forward section46 moves toward the back panel 54. Generally, each strap passes betweena corresponding arm of the user P and the user's torso so that the strappasses below the user's armpit. However, it will be appreciated that theharness 32 could have alternative structure to restrict the harness 32from moving relative to the user P. In addition, the harness 32 mayalternatively be devoid of any stops or other tie-down structure, suchthat the collar simply rests on the user P.

The harness 32 is preferably configured for convenient and efficientdonning and removal by the user P. To don the harness 32, the sections46,48 can be entirely detached from each other to permit free movementof the sections 46,48 independently of each other. With the sections46,48 detached, the user P can position the sections 46,48 adjacent toone another and along opposite sides of the neck N. Each male connector102 of the forward section 46 can then be brought into engagement with acorresponding one of the female connectors 70 of the aft section 48. Themale connectors 102 can be engaged with the female connectors 70simultaneously or one at a time.

The harness 32 can be alternatively donned by initially engaging one ofthe male connectors 102 with the corresponding one of the femaleconnectors 70. With one pair of male and female connectors 102,70attached to each other, the joint 112 preferably acts as a hinge thatpermits relative rotational movement between the male and femaleconnectors 102,70 and, consequently, the forward and aft sections 46,48.With the one pair of male and female connectors 102,70 attached to eachother, the sections 46,48 cooperatively define an open passage (notshown) that provides access to the neck opening 114. The sections 46,48can be swung relative to each other to selectively increase or decreasethe size of the open passage.

To don the harness 32 with one pair of connectors attached, the sections46,48 are swung so that the neck N of user P can move through the openpassage. With the neck N received in the neck opening 114, the otherpair of male and female connectors 102,70 can be swung toward each otherto close the open passage. The male and female connectors 102,70 canthen be engaged to secure the harness 32 around the user's neck N.

The principles of the present invention are equally applicable for usewith an alternative harness construction. For instance, the harness 32could be configured to for mounting in an alternative position on theuser's torso (e.g., where harness components other than the strapsextend about the torso below the shoulders S).

Turning to FIGS. 1-5 and 18-20, the helmet-engaging component 34 of themotion restrictor 30 is configured to engage the helmet H and todecelerate and stop the helmet H in response to an injurious level ofhelmet movement. As will be discussed, the component 34 preferablypresents laterally spaced apart, fore-and-aft extendinghelmet-engagement surfaces 120 positioned on opposite sides of the neckN of the user P when the motion restrictor 30 is donned. Furthermore,the component 34 is configured so that the helmet-engagement surfaces120 can shift along a range of motion while in contact with the helmet Has the helmet H moves. To keep the surfaces 120 in contact with thehelmet H, the component 34 is configured to yieldably bias each of thehelmet-engagement surfaces 120 toward the helmet when the motionrestrictor 30 is donned. As a result, the surfaces 120 are maintained incontact with the helmet H as they shift through the range of motion.

Importantly, the motion restrictor 30 preferably contacts the helmet Hand decelerates the helmet H without being permanently or continuouslyconnected to the helmet H. More particularly, the component 34 contactsthe helmet H and controls helmet movement while being otherwisedisconnected from the helmet H. The illustrated component 34 preferablyincludes a pair of levers 122, resilient bands 124, and pins 126 (seeFIGS. 6-8).

The illustrated levers 122 and other components related to the levers122 (such as components associated with the brake assemblies 36) areprovided in pairs, which are generally a mirror image of one another andinclude similar features. Thus, when referring to the pair of levers 122and the pairs of related components, only one of the pair of componentswill generally be described in detail, with the understanding that theother one of the components is similarly constructed.

The lever 122 is configured to be brought into abutting engagement withthe helmet H, with the corresponding surface being yieldably biasedtoward the helmet H. Each lever 122 has a unitary construction andpreferably includes a lever body 128 and a stop-arm 130.

The lever body 128 preferably includes a helmet-contacting upstandingwall 132, a helmet-contacting lateral wall 134 that projects inwardlyfrom upstanding wall, and a depending wall 136 that projects downwardlyfrom the lateral wall 134 (see FIGS. 19 and 20).

The upstanding wall 132 and lateral wall 134 present, respectively, anupstanding surface portion 138 of the helmet-engagement surface 120 anda lateral surface portion 140 of the helmet-engagement surface 120 (seeFIGS. 19 and 20). The depending wall 136 presents a depending surfaceportion 142 (see FIGS. 19 and 20). The surface 120 is configured toslidably contact the helmet H. Preferably, the surface 120 includes alow friction coating 144 (see FIGS. 19 and 20), which enhances relativesliding between the surface 120 and helmet H. The coating 144 may beformed of any suitable material, such as Teflon®. The depending surfaceportion 142 also preferably includes the low friction coating 144.

The lateral wall 134 is preferably curved so that the lateral surfaceportion 140 has a curvilinear upwardly convex shape. The lateral wall134 is elongated and presents a longitudinal axis that extends generallyfore and aft. The lateral wall 134 presents a forwardmost anteriormargin 146 and a rearmost posterior margin 148 (see FIG. 18). Thelateral wall 134 extends laterally to present a medial (i.e., innermost)edge 150 and a lateral (i.e., outermost) edge 152 (see FIGS. 19 and 20).

The upstanding wall 132 projects upwardly from the lateral edge 152 andpresents a variable wall height dimension D1 (see FIG. 18). Morepreferably, the wall height dimension D1 along a forwardmost portion ofthe upstanding wall 132 tapers toward the anterior margin 146. Thetapered shape of the forwardmost portion permits the user P to rotatethe user's head and helmet H about the upright axis of the neck N andrestricts interference between the helmet H and the lever 122 duringsuch rotation. Moreover, the forwardmost portion acts as a cam as thehead is turned. More particularly, as the user's head turns to the side,the lower margin of the helmet H slidably engages the forwardmostportion of the upstanding wall 132 and moves the lever 122 downwardly.However, it is within the ambit of the present invention where theupstanding wall 132 is alternatively shaped (e.g., to permit a freerange of sliding and/or rotational helmet movement). Yet further, aswill be shown in a subsequent embodiment, the helmet-engaging componentcould be devoid of an upstanding wall.

The depending wall 136 projects downwardly from the medial edge 150. Thedepending wall 136 preferably allows the user's neck N to contact thelever 122 and restricts neck discomfort and/or injury during suchcontact. While not being preferred, the depending wall 136 couldpossibly come into contact with the helmet H if the lowermost margin 42slips below the lateral wall 134. In such an event, the low frictioncoating 144 permits the helmet H to easily slide upwardly relative tothe lever body 128 for repositioning in sliding engagement with thelateral surface portion 140 and/or upstanding surface portion 138.

The lever body 128 also preferably includes a catch 154 that dependsfrom the lateral wall 134 and presents a catch opening 156 (see FIGS. 18and 20). As will be explained, the retainer assembly 52 is configured toremovably engage the catch 154 and thereby releasably retain the lever122 in a stored position.

In the preferred embodiment, the stop-arm 130 is integrally formed withthe lever body 128 and connects the lever body 128 to the respectivecentrifugal brake assembly 36 and control lever movement. The stop-arms130 each preferably include a pair of plate sections 130 a (see FIGS. 4and 5) that are positioned alongside each other in a generally parallelrelationship. The stop-arms 130 also include a connection pin 160 (seeFIGS. 4-9) that connects the plate sections 130 a to each other. As willbe discussed, the connection pin 160 is preferably drivingly coupled tothe centrifugal brake assembly 36.

The illustrated levers 122 are pivotally mounted to the harness 32 atpivots 162 to swing through a range of positions. As a result, eachlever 122 permits the respective helmet-engagement surface 120 to swingthrough a corresponding range of motion in which the helmet H remains incontact with the surface 120.

The harness 32 preferably includes lugs 164 that are formed with andproject upwardly adjacent to an aft margin 166 of the shoulder support56 (see FIGS. 3 and 18). The lugs 164 are positioned on opposite sidesof the neck opening 114. The lugs 164 are pivotally connected to thelever 122 with a pivot pin 168 (see FIGS. 3 and 18). When mounted to theharness 32, the lever body 128 projects forwardly from the pivot 162 andis generally positioned above the shoulder plate 66 of the harness 32.The stop-arms 130 project rearwardly and downwardly from the pivot 162and extend through slots 170 presented by the aft section 48 (see FIG.3).

The pivots 162 are preferably located adjacent to the aft margin 166 ofthe harness 32. However, the pivots 162 could be positioned at a forwardmargin 174 (see FIG. 2) of the harness 32 or at a location between theforward and aft margins 174,166.

Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, the pivots 162 are preferably locatedadjacent the aft neck opening end 114 b. The levers 122 generally extendfrom the pivots 162 toward the fore neck opening end 114 a. The pivotscould also be spaced from the aft neck opening end 114 b in analternative position where the pivots are closer to the aft neck openingend 114 b than the fore neck opening end 114 a. Furthermore, it is alsowithin the ambit of the present invention where the pivots are locatedcloser to the fore neck opening end 114 a and extend from the pivotstoward the aft neck opening end 114 b.

The illustrated helmet-engagement surfaces 120, are preferably locatedon opposite sides of the neck opening 114. Furthermore, the preferredhelmet-engagement surfaces 120 are each positioned outboard from theneck opening 114 in opposite lateral directions. However, the surfaces120 could be alternatively positioned without departing from the scopeof the present invention.

As will be discussed, the levers 122 each present a correspondingsurface 120. The levers 122 are preferably configured to operateindependently of one another so that one lever 122 can move anddecelerate the helmet H independently of the other lever 122. However,the motion restrictor 30 could have an alternative structure to engagethe helmet H.

For instance, the motion restrictor 30 could have a singlehelmet-engaging component that extends along both sides of the neckopening 114 to present the helmet-engagement surfaces. Moreparticularly, it is within the ambit of certain aspects of the presentinvention to utilize a single lever pivotally mounted at the forward oraft margin of the harness. Also, for an alternative single leverconfiguration, the lever body could be variously shaped to provideoppositely spaced helmet-engagement surfaces. For instance, the leverbody could have a generally U-shaped structure or could have a generallyendless structure with a neck opening (e.g., an elliptically-shapedlever body).

The lever 122 is configured to swing so that the lever body 128 movesinto and out of an uppermost position (see FIGS. 3-5) where the leverbody 128 and helmet-engagement surface 120 are swung to an uppermostlimit of the range of motion. In the uppermost position, the connectionpin 160 preferably engages the housing 51 of the harness 32 to restrictfurther upward swinging of the lever body 128 and the correspondingsurface 120. As will be discussed, the band 124 is preferably configuredto interconnect the lever 122 and the brake assembly 36 and to urge thelever 122 into the uppermost position.

When the helmet H and motion restrictor 30 are donned by the user P andthe user's neck is in a normally relaxed and upright position, the leverbody 128 preferably engages the helmet H and is shifted downwardly intoa normal upper position (see FIGS. 1 and 2) immediately adjacent to andbelow the uppermost position.

Similarly, the lever 122 is configured to swing so that the lever body128 moves into and out of a lowermost position (see FIG. 15) where thelever body 128 and helmet-engagement surface 120 are swung to alowermost limit of the range of motion. In the lowermost position, thelever body 128 preferably engages the shoulder plate 66 to restrictfurther downward swinging of the lever body 128 and the correspondingsurface 120.

While the lever 122 is preferably mounted to pivot between the uppermostand lowermost positions, the lever 122 could be shiftably mounted in analternative manner without departing from the spirit of the presentinvention. For instance, the helmet-engaging component 34 could includea helmet-engaging body that is slidably connected to the harness 32 witha nonpivoting connection (so that the helmet-engaging body slides alongan upright direction). As will be shown in a subsequent embodiment, thehelmet-engaging component 34 could also flex to permit the desiredmovement of the helmet-engagement surfaces 120.

The levers 122 preferably include a synthetic resin material. Morepreferably, the levers 122 include a carbon fiber composite materialhaving carbon fiber. While not shown, the levers 122 also preferablyinclude a metal framework around which the composite material is formed.Such metal components can include carbon steel, stainless steel,aluminum, and/or titanium. It is within the ambit of the presentinvention where the lever includes one or more alternative types ofsynthetic resin materials and/or one or more alternative types of metalmaterials.

The lever 122 is preferably configured so that the lever body 128 andstop-arm 130 can flex slightly relative to one another about the lateralaxis of the pivot 162. The lever 122 is configured to have some limitedflexibility or “give” when the brake assembly 36 is engaged and a loadis applied to the helmet-engagement surface 120. The limited flexibilityof the lever 122 enables the lever 122 to absorb at least some of theload applied to the helmet-engagement surface 120.

Again, the lever 122 permits the helmet-engagement surface 120 to swingthrough a range of motion where the helmet H can remain in contact withthe surface 120. The motion restrictor 30 is preferably configured sothat the helmet H can remain in contact with the helmet-engagementsurface 120 and slide along the lateral surface portion 140 and/or theupright surface portion 138 throughout the entire range of motion of thesurface 120. However, for some aspects of the present invention, thefull extent of surface motion may be greater than the range of motionthrough which the helmet H can contact the lateral surface portion 140.

Again, while the levers 122 are in contact with the helmet H, the motionrestrictor 30 is preferably configured to decelerate the helmet H andcontrol helmet motion without requiring a permanent or continuousconnection with the helmet H. That is, other than the sliding contact,the levers 122 are preferably disconnected from the helmet H.

Each lever 122 is preferably configured to be removably secured in astored position (see FIGS. 18-20) adjacent to the lowermost position. Inthe illustrated embodiment, this is accomplished by a corresponding oneof the retainer assemblies 52. More particularly, in the storedposition, the catch 154 of each lever 122 extends downwardly through theslot 84 in the shoulder plate 66. At the same time, the latch 86 extendsthrough the catch opening 156 and engages the catch 154 (see FIGS. 19and 20).

The lever 122 is secured in the stored position by initially shiftingthe lever 122 into the lowermost position. While the lever 122 is helddownwardly in the lowermost position, the tab 92 of the latch 86 can bepressed (e.g., by user P) to shift the latch 86 laterally. Specifically,the latch 86 is shifted so that the tooth 94 is inserted through thecatch opening 156 and the latch 86 is moved laterally into the latchedposition (see FIGS. 19 and 20). The lever 122 is then released so thatthe lever body 128 moves slightly upwardly. As a result, the catch 154moves upwardly into engagement with the slot 96 by the lever 122 so thatthe lever 122 assumes the stored position (see FIGS. 19 and 20).

Engagement between the latch 86 and the catch 154 restricts the leverbody 128 from shifting upwardly relative to the harness 32 and restrictsthe catch 154 from shifting laterally out of the latched position.Consequently, the lever 122 is removably retained in the stored positionadjacent the harness 32 by removable engagement between the latch 86 andthe catch 154.

The lever 122 can be released from the stored position by shifting thelever body 128 downwardly toward the lowermost position until the catch154 is disengaged from the slot 96 of the latch 86. With the catch 154disengaged, the springs 88 urge the latch 86 to shift laterally out ofthe catch opening 156 and into the unlatched position.

While the illustrated helmet-engaging component 34 is preferred, variousaspects of the component 34 could be altered without departing from thescope of the present invention (e.g., while providing helmet-engagementsurfaces similar to surfaces 120). For instance, as will be disclosed ina subsequent embodiment, the helmet-engaging component could have ayieldably flexible structure that presents a pair of helmet-engagementsurfaces on opposite sides of the neck opening.

Turning to FIGS. 6-11, in the illustrated embodiment, each centrifugalbrake assembly 36 provides a preferred braking mechanism that restrictsshifting a corresponding one of the helmet-engagement surfaces 120 alongthe range of motion in response to injurious movement of the helmet H.Each illustrated brake assembly 36 is operably received by the housing51 and preferably includes an axle 176, spool 178, connecting strap 180,and brake member assembly 182.

The centrifugal brake housing 51 preferably comprises a generally rigidstructure that supports and encloses the brake assembly 36. The housing51 is preferably fixed to a rear surface 184 (see FIG. 3) of the backpanel 54.

The illustrated housing 51 preferably includes an intermediate body 186and opposite end covers 188 secured to the body 186 with fasteners 189(see FIGS. 10 and 11). The body 186 presents an interior surface 190that extends continuously through the body 186 to define a receiver 192.The body 186 also presents opposed margins 194 that define a slottedopening 196 (see FIGS. 6 and 8). As will be discussed, the slottedopening 196 permits the strap 180 and band 124 to extend into and out ofthe receiver 192. The body 186 also presents exterior slots 198 (seeFIG. 8) located adjacent to the slotted opening 196.

The end covers 188 are each unitary and present a central axle opening200. The end covers 188 support bushings 202 that are removably receivedby the axle openings 200 (see FIGS. 10 and 11).

The housing 51 further includes a strap roller 204 that is rotatablysupported by an elongated roller pin 206.

The axle 176 is rotatably mounted in the housing 51 to support the brakemember assembly 182 and the spool 178 for rotational movement. The axle176 is unitary and includes opposite axle ends 208 a,b (see FIGS. 6, 7,10, and 11) and a splined portion 210 between the ends 208. The splinedportion 210 (see FIG. 11) has a generally square cross-sectional shapeand is configured to engage the brake member assembly 182. The axle end208 b presents a relief slot 212 (see FIGS. 7 and 11) operable toreceive electrical wires, as will be discussed.

The spool 178 preferably includes a hub 214 and a disc-like flange 216fixed to one another. The spool 178 also includes a keeper 218 removablyattached to the hub 214 with threaded fasteners 220 (see FIGS. 6, 8, 10,and 11).

The spool 178 is mounted on and fixed to the axle 176 so that the spool178 and axle 176 rotate as a single component within the housing 51. Thespool 178 is located with the flange 216 adjacent to the splined portion210. As will be discussed, the spool 178 is operable to rotate in astrap winding direction W and a strap unwinding direction U (see FIG.8).

The connecting strap 180 serves to drivingly connect the lever 122 andthe spool 178 to one another. The illustrated strap 180 comprises aunitary piece of flexible webbing material and presents a lever end 180a and a spool end 180 b. The strap 180 is wrapped around the keeper 218so that the spool end 180 b is captured between the hub 214 and thekeeper 218. The lever end 180 a is attached to the lever 122 by theconnection pin 160.

When mounted to the spool 178 and the lever 122, the strap 180 passesthrough the slotted opening 196 and extends partly around the roller 204(see FIGS. 6 and 8).

As the surface 120 moves downwardly from the uppermost position, thelever 122 pivots so as to pull the strap 180 rearwardly. This movementcauses the strap 180 to move out of the receiver 192 and unwind from thespool 178. As a result, the spool 178 rotates in the unwinding directionU. The unwinding of the spool 178 produces a rotational spool velocity.

Similarly, as the spool 178 is spun in the winding direction W to windthe strap 180 onto the hub 214, the spool 178 generally draws the leverend 180 a forwardly. This movement causes the lever 122 to pivot so thatthe surface 120 moves upwardly toward the uppermost position.

Although the spool 178 and lever 122 are preferably interconnected bythe flexible webbing material, the brake assembly 36 could have analternative flexible element. For instance, the brake assembly 36 coulduse a flexible wire, rope, cable, or chain in place of the connectingstrap 180.

Each brake member assembly 182 preferably operates as a brakingmechanism for the motion restrictor 30. As will be explained, accordingto one aspect of the invention, the brake member assembly 182 isconfigured to be engaged when a brake element thereof exceeds apredetermined threshold value of rotational velocity. Engagement of thebrake member assembly 182 preferably serves to stop spool rotation.However, as will be discussed, the brake member assembly 182 couldalternatively or additionally be configured to decelerate the rotationalvelocity of the spool 178. The brake member assembly 182 preferablyincludes a removable annular body 222, a rotatable frame 224, pawls 226,keepers 228, and springs 230 (see FIGS. 7 and 9-11).

The annular body 222 is configured to be engaged by the pawls 226 andpreferably comprises a unitary structure. The annular body 222preferably includes an endless ring portion 232 and oppositely spacedmale protrusions 234 that extend outwardly from the ring portion 232(see FIG. 9). The annular body 222 also preferably includes a pluralityof stops 236 that are arranged in a circular pattern andcircumferentially spaced apart from one another. The stops 236 extendradially inwardly from the ring portion 232, with each pair of adjacentstops 236 defining a notch 238 therebetween (see FIG. 9).

The notches 238 are configured to receive one of the pawls 226 when thebrake member assembly 182 is engaged. As will be discussed, the pawls226 can engage one or more of the stops 236 to provide braking of thebrake member assembly 182. In the illustrated embodiment, the stops 236are preferably engaged by the pawls 226 to stop rotation of the spool178 without being fractured or severed by the pawls 226.

However, the annular body 222 could be alternatively configured toprovide load absorption structure. For instance, an alternative annularbody could include multiple alternative stops spaced along the ringportion and configured as breakaway elements. That is, the alternativestops could be configured to be fractured and severed by pawls todecelerate the spool by absorbing the load applied to the surfaces 120.Preferred features of several alternative annular bodies with breakawayelements are disclosed in detail in in U.S. Publication No.2013/0205480, published Aug. 15, 2013, entitled ENERGY DISSIPATINGBREAKAWAY ASSEMBLY FOR PROTECTIVE HELMET, which is hereby incorporatedin its entirety by reference herein.

The annular body 222 preferably includes a metallic material thatrestricts the stops 236 from being fractured or severed by the pawl 226.However, the annular body 222 could include an alternative material(e.g., for providing suitable braking performance).

The annular body 222 is removably positioned in the receiver 192. Theannular body 222 is inserted by aligning the protrusions 234 withcorresponding female slots 240 in the housing 51. The annular body 222can then be moved to a position adjacent the spool 178. Engagementbetween the protrusions 234 and the slots 240 restricts the annular body222 from rotating within the housing 51.

The annular body 222 is preferably removable from the housing 51.However, the principles of the present invention are applicable wherethe annular body 222 is fixed to the housing 51 (e.g., where the stops236 are integrally formed with the housing 51).

Additional features of alternative annular bodies, including removableand nonremovable bodies, are disclosed in the above-incorporated '480publication.

The rotatable frame 224 is operable to be rotatably received by thehousing 51 and is configured to spin relative to the annular body 222.The frame 224 preferably includes a frame body 242 that receives a pairof electromagnets 244 (see FIGS. 9-11). The electromagnets 244 aresecured in chambers 245 presented by the frame body 242 with keepers 228(see FIGS. 9-11). The electromagnets 244 each include a wire coil thatsurrounds a core and is integrally formed with wire leads 244 a. As willbe discussed, the electromagnets 244 comprise part of the electroniccontroller 38, which provides an alternative and/or additional means foractuating the brake assembly 36.

The frame body 242 is unitary and presents a central opening 246 toreceive the axle 176. The central opening 246 includes a square socketthat is sized and configured to receive the splined portion 210 of theaxle 176. The frame body 242 also includes a pair of lugs 248, each ofwhich presents a pawl seat 250 (see FIGS. 10 and 11).

The illustrated pawls 226 are generally identical to one another andeach preferably includes an arm 252 and a permanent magnet 254 fixedwithin the arm 252 (see FIGS. 10 and 11). The pawls 226 are pivotallymounted to the pawl seats 250 with pivot pins 256 (see FIG. 9). Thepawls 226 are operable to swing radially outwardly from a retractedposition (see FIGS. 7 and 9) to a braking position (see FIG. 14) toengage one of the stops 236 when the brake assembly 36 is activated.

The rotatable frame 224 and pawls 226 cooperatively provide a shiftablebrake element 257 (see FIGS. 7 and 9) that shifts into brakingengagement with at least one of the stops 236 when the brake assembly 36is engaged. Thus, as the brake assembly 36 is engaged, the brake element257 moves rotationally (i.e., the frame 224 and pawls 226 rotate withinthe housing 51) and also preferably moves radially (i.e., the pawls 226shift radially to engage the stops 236). As will be explained, theshiftable brake element 257 is coupled to the correspondinghelmet-engagement surface 120 so that activation of the brake assembly36 stops substantially all shifting of the helmet-engagement surface 120along the range of motion.

The brake element 257 also preferably includes the illustrated springs230. The springs 230 each preferably comprise a coil spring thatinterconnects the pawl 226 with the opposite lug 248. The springs 230are preferably configured to rotate with the frame 224 and pawls 226 andto apply a spring force to the pawls 226 that urges the pawls 226 intothe retracted position.

When the pawls 226 are located in the retracted position, each of thepermanent magnets 254 is positioned adjacent to a corresponding one ofthe electromagnets 244. As will be discussed, the electromagnets 244 andpermanent magnets 254 can be used to deploy the pawls 226 to the brakingpositions and thereby engage the brake member assembly 182.

While the illustrated configuration of pawls 226 and springs 230 ispreferred for the brake element 257, the brake element 257 could includealternative pawls and/or springs. Additional features of alternativepawl and spring components are disclosed in the above-incorporated '480publication.

As the brake element 257 and the spool 178 both spin within the housing51, the pawls 226 generally move with the frame 224. When the brakeelement 257 and spool 178 rotate at a velocity below the thresholdrotational velocity, the springs 230 retain the pawls 226 in theretracted position (see FIG. 9). When the brake element 257 and spool178 rotate at a velocity above the threshold rotational velocity, thecentrifugal force applied to the pawls 226 is greater than the springforce and, consequently, overcomes the spring force to shift the pawls226 into the braking position (see FIG. 14).

The threshold rotational velocity value of the brake element 257preferably corresponds with a condition of the user P, helmet H, and/ormotion restrictor 30. For instance, the threshold rotational velocityvalue of the brake element 257 could correspond with a predeterminedthreshold velocity of the helmet engagement surface 120 and/or apredetermined threshold load applied to the helmet engagement surface120. However, the threshold rotational velocity value could correspondto a predetermined value of another condition associated with the helmetengagement surface 120, another part of the lever 122, or another partof the motion restrictor 30. Furthermore, the threshold rotationalvelocity value could correspond to a predetermined value of a conditionassociated with the user P and/or the helmet H.

Again, the brake element 257 is configured to be engaged when therotational velocity of the brake element 257 exceeds the threshold valueof rotational velocity. When a condition of the user P, helmet H, and/ormotion restrictor 30 is below the predetermined threshold value of thecondition, the rotational velocity of the brake element 257 preferablyoperates below the threshold velocity value. For instance, when theactual velocity of the helmet engagement surface 120 is below thepredetermined threshold velocity (e.g., during normal, non-injuriousmovement of the helmet H), the rotational velocity of the brake element257 preferably operates below the threshold velocity value.

When a condition of the user P, helmet H, and/or motion restrictor 30 isabove the predetermined threshold value of the condition, the rotationalvelocity of the brake element 257 preferably operates above thethreshold velocity value. For instance, when the actual velocity of thehelmet engagement surface 120 is above the predetermined thresholdvelocity (e.g., when the helmet H is impacted by a potentially injuriousload), the rotational velocity of the brake element 257 preferablyoperates above the threshold velocity value.

The electromagnets 244 and permanent magnets 254 can also be used toshift the pawls 226 from the retracted position to the braking position.The electromagnets 244 are normally not energized so that theelectromagnets 244 and permanent magnets 254 permit the pawls 226 toremain in the retracted position. When the electromagnets 244 areenergized, the polarity of the electromagnets 244 opposes the polarityof the permanent magnets. The opposing polarity creates a magnetic forcethat magnetically induces the electromagnets 244 and the permanentmagnets 254 away from one another. The electromagnets 244 and permanentmagnets 254 are sized and configured so that the magnetic force isgreater than the spring force and, consequently, overcomes the springforce to shift the pawls 226 into the braking position.

Importantly, the brake element 257 is preferably configured to beengaged solely due to centrifugal force associated with a rotationalvelocity that exceeds the threshold rotational velocity value. However,the brake member assembly 182 of the present invention could be engagedsolely by the magnetic force produced by the electromagnets 244 andpermanent magnets 254. Furthermore, the brake member assembly 182 couldbe engaged by a combination of the centrifugal force due to spoolrotation and the magnetic force produced by the electromagnets 244 andpermanent magnets 254.

Again, the notches 238 are configured to receive one of the pawls 226when the brake member assembly 182 is engaged. As the frame 224 rotateswith the pawls 226 in the braking position, one of the pawls 226 comesinto braking engagement one of the stops 236 to provide a stoppingmechanism (see FIG. 14). As the pawl 226 engages the stop 236 in thebraking position, the pawl 226 stops rotation of the spool 178 withoutfracturing or severing the stop 236. Although only one of the pawls 226engage a corresponding one of the stops 236 in the braking position, thebrake assembly 36 could be alternatively configured. For instance, thestops 236 could be sized and configured so that both pawls 226simultaneously engage corresponding stops 236 in the braking position.

The principles of the present invention are applicable where the brakemember assembly 182 is alternatively configured to provide rotationalbraking of the spool 178 and corresponding deceleration of the surfaces120. For instance, the size, shape, and/or configuration of the annularbody 222, rotatable frame 224, stops 236, electromagnets 244, permanentmagnets 254, and/or pawls 226 could be altered without departing fromthe scope of the present invention. Additional features of severalsuitable alternative brake member assemblies 182 are disclosed in theabove-incorporated '480 publication.

Each brake assembly 36 preferably operates as a braking mechanism torestrict shifting of a corresponding one of the helmet-engagementsurfaces 120 along the range of motion in response to injurious movementof the helmet H. With the lever 122 located in the uppermost position,the brake assembly 36 is located in a corresponding position (see FIGS.6-9).

Initially, when the helmet H and motion restrictor 30 are donned by theuser P and the user's neck is in a normally relaxed and uprightposition, each lever body 128 preferably engages the helmet H and isshifted downwardly by the helmet from the uppermost position (see FIGS.3-5) to the normal upper position (see FIGS. 1 and 2). This movement ofthe lever 122 causes movement of the respective brake assembly 36 to acorresponding position (not shown). During normal, non-injurious headmovement, the lever 122 moves as does the respective brake assembly 36.

The brake assembly 36 is configured to be engaged when the velocity ofthe brake element 257 exceeds the threshold rotational velocity value.For instance, as the lever 122 is forced downwardly in excess of thethreshold velocity, the pawls 226 are caused to shift into the brakingposition (see FIGS. 12-14).

In the event that the threshold velocity is not exceeded by downwardshifting of the lever 122, the lever 122 freely moves to the lowermostposition without activating the respective brake assembly 36 (see FIGS.15-20).

The brake member assembly 182, including the annular body 222, ispreferably configured to stop substantially all rotational spoolmovement for injurious loads encountered by the helmet-engagementsurfaces 120. However, an alternative brake member assembly couldprovide an alternative braking operation. For instance, when using analternative annular body with breakaway elements, as described above,the alternative brake member assembly could be configured to stopsubstantially all rotational spool movement below a threshold loadexperienced by the helmet-engagement surface. As a result, thealternative brake member assembly stops downward movement of the leverbody for loads applied to the lever body below the threshold load. Abovethe threshold load, the alternative brake member assembly with breakawayelements is configured to absorb loads to decelerate the spoolrotational velocity. Consequently, the alternative brake member assemblydecelerates downward movement of the lever body for loads applied to thelever body above the threshold load.

Returning to the illustrated embodiment, the brake assembly 36 isconfigured to be engaged when the lever body 128 moves downwardly todraw the strap 180 out of the housing 51, thereby unwinding the strap180 from the spool 178 and causing the brake element to rotate at avelocity in excess of the threshold velocity value. It will beappreciated that the brake assembly 36 provides braking when at leastone of the pawls 226 engages a corresponding stop 236, with the lever122 generally positioned above the lowermost position.

The illustrated brake assemblies 36 are preferably operably disconnectedfrom each other so that each brake assembly 36 can provide brakingindependently of the other brake assembly 36. Because the levers 122 areoperably connected to corresponding brake assemblies 36 and shiftablerelative to each other, the levers 122 are operable to pivotindependently of one another and are configured to decelerate the helmetH independently of one another. However, for some aspects of the presentinvention, the brake assemblies 36 could be operably connected tocooperatively provide braking of the levers 122. Furthermore, the motionrestrictor 30 could include a single brake assembly 36 to provide helmetdeceleration.

When the brake assembly 36 is engaged to stop spool rotation, the lever122 is preferably configured to flex slightly about the lateral axis ofthe pivot 162. When a load, particularly a relatively large load, isapplied during brake engagement, the limited flexibility or “give” ofthe lever 122 enables the lever 122 to absorb at least some of the loadapplied to the helmet-engagement surface 120.

It is within the ambit of the present invention for the brake assembly36 to be variously configured to decelerate movement of the levers 122.As previously noted, the size, shape, and/or configuration of thehousing 51, axle 176, spool 178, brake member assembly 182, and/or strap180 could be altered without departing from the scope of the presentinvention. Additional features of several suitable alternative rotatablebrake member assemblies are disclosed in the above-incorporated '480publication.

The brake element 257 of the brake assembly 36 is preferably rotatableand radially shiftable to provide suitable braking for the motionrestrictor 30. However, the motion restrictor 30 could have a brakemechanism with alternative braking movement, such as a braking mechanismthat moves linearly. Additional features of braking mechanisms with analternative braking movement are disclosed in the above-incorporated'480 publication.

Turning to FIG. 21, the motion restrictor 30 also preferably includesthe electronic controller 38 to selectively engage the brake memberassembly 182. More particularly, the electronic controller 38 isconfigured to selectively magnetically induce shifting of the pawls 226into the braking position. The electronic controller 38 preferablyincludes a computing device 258, a sensor 260 that communicates with thecomputing device 258 via a lead 260 a, and the electromagnets 244.

The sensor 260 preferably comprises a transducer that directly orindirectly senses motion of the surfaces 120. The sensor 260 generates acorresponding electrical signal that is representative of an operationalparameter and communicates the signal to the computing device 258. Forinstance, the transducer can be configured to sense the motion of thehelmet-engagement surface 120 (or the lever 122 defining same), thespool 178, the brake element, or another moving component of the motionrestrictor 30. Furthermore, the transducer can be configured to senseany load applied to the helmet-engagement surface 120, another portionof the lever 122, the spool 178, the brake element, or another componentof the motion restrictor 30. Yet further, the transducer can beconfigured to sense other conditions of the helmet H and/or the user P.

Preferably, the sensor 260 comprises a transducer that senses velocityor acceleration of a component of the motion restrictor 30. Forinstance, the sensor 260 could include an accelerometer attached to thelever 122 at a location adjacent to one of the surfaces 120 to senseacceleration of the corresponding surface 120. It will be appreciatedthat various types of accelerometers, such as a piezoelectricaccelerometer or a MEMS accelerometer, could be used to suitably sensemovement of the surfaces 120. Also, the sensor 260 could include arotational sensor (such as a Hall effect sensor) to sense the rotationalspeed and acceleration of the axle 176. Yet further, when the sensor 260is configured to sense a load applied to a component of the motionrestrictor 30, the sensor 260 could include any of various force-sensingtransducers, such as a strain gauge.

The computing device 258 is operable to selectively activate the brakeassembly 36. The computing device 258 preferably includes a processorelement 262, a memory element 264, and a power source in the form of abattery 266.

The electromagnets 244 are configured to actuate the brake assembly 36.The leads 244 a of the electromagnets 244 are electrically coupled tothe processor element 262. The computing device 258 is configured sothat the electromagnets 244 are normally not energized (i.e., a normallyde-energized condition). Thus, the computing device 258 andelectromagnets 244 cooperatively permit the pawls 226 to remain in theretracted position. When the electromagnets 244 are energized by thecomputing device 258, the polarity of the electromagnets 244 opposes thepolarity of the permanent magnets, which creates a magnetic force thaturges the electromagnets 244 away from the permanent magnets 254 (i.e.,an energized condition). Again, the electromagnets 244 and permanentmagnets 254 are sized and configured so that the magnetic force isgreater than the spring force of the spring 230 and, consequently,overcomes the spring force to shift the pawls 226 into the brakingposition.

Based upon the parameter or condition sensed by the sensor 260, thecomputing device 258 preferably determines whether to engage the brakeelement 257. For instance, when the sensed condition of the user P,helmet H, and/or motion restrictor 30 is below the predeterminedthreshold value of the condition, the computing device 258 preferablykeeps the electromagnets 244 in the de-energized condition so that thepawls 226 are retracted. The threshold value of the sensed conditionmay, but is not required to, correspond with the threshold velocityvalue of the brake element 257.

When the sensed parameter or condition of the user P, helmet H, and/ormotion restrictor 30 is above the predetermined threshold value of thecondition, the computing device 258 preferably operates theelectromagnets 244 in the energized condition to shift the pawls 226into the braking position (to engage the brake assembly 36).

The electronic controller 38 preferably includes the electromagnets 244to provide actuation of the brake element 257 and shift the pawls 226into and out of the braking position. However, the electronic controller38 could include an alternative actuator to shift the brake element 257,such as an electric motor.

The processor element 262 may include microprocessors, microcontrollers,digital signal processors (DSPs), field-programmable gate arrays(FPGAs), analog and/or digital application-specific integrated circuits(ASICs), and the like, or combinations thereof. The processor element262 may generally execute, process, or run instructions, code, software,firmware, programs, applications, apps, or the like, or may step throughstates of a finite-state machine.

The memory element 264 may include data storage components such asread-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), hard-disk drives,optical disk drives, flash memory drives, and the like, or combinationsthereof. The memory element 264 may include, or may constitute, a“computer-readable medium”. The memory element 264 may store theinstructions, code, software, firmware, programs, applications, apps, orthe like that are executed by the processor element 262. The memoryelement 264 may also store settings or data.

The computing device 258 may specifically include mobile communicationdevices (including wireless devices), work stations, desktop computers,laptop computers, palmtop computers, tablet computers, portable digitalassistants (PDA), smart phones, and the like, or combinations thereof.Various embodiments of the computing device 258 may also include voicecommunication devices, such as cell phones or landline phones. Inpreferred embodiments, the computing device 258 will have an electronicdisplay, such as a liquid crystal display, plasma, or touch screen thatis operable to display visual graphics, images, text, etc. In certainembodiments, the computer program of the present invention facilitatesinteraction and communication through a graphical user interface (GUI)that is displayed via the electronic display. The GUI enables the userto interact with the electronic display by touching or pointing atdisplay areas to provide information to the user control interface,which is discussed in more detail below. In additional preferredembodiments, the computing device 258 may include an optical device suchas a digital camera, video camera, optical canner, or the like, suchthat the computing device 258 can capture, store, and transmit digitalimages and/or videos.

The computing device 258 may include a user control interface thatenables one or more users to share information and commands with thecomputing device 258. The user interface may facilitate interactionthrough the GUI described above or may additionally comprise one or morefunctionable inputs such as buttons, keyboard, switches, scrolls wheels,voice recognition elements such as a microphone, pointing devices suchas mice, touchpads, tracking balls, styluses. The user control interfacemay also include a speaker for providing audible instructions andfeedback. Further, the user control interface may comprise wired orwireless data transfer elements, such as a communication component,removable memory, data transceivers, and/or transmitters, to enable theuser and/or other computing devices to remotely interface with thecomputing device.

Although not illustrated as such, the computing device 258 is preferablymounted on the harness 32 in a location where the computing device 258is protected from contact with external objects. For instance, thecomputing device 258 could be removably mounted in a housing (not shown)on the back panel 54 between the centrifugal brake assemblies 36.

It will be appreciated that the controller 38 could be variouslyconfigured to provide selective actuation of the brake assembly 36.However, for at least some aspects of the present invention, the motionrestrictor 30 could be devoid of an electronic controller.

Turning again to FIGS. 6-11, the helmet-engaging component 34 preferablyincludes resilient bands 124. The resilient band 124 provides apreferred biasing member configured to yieldably bias thehelmet-engagement surfaces 120 upwardly toward the uppermost position.The band 124 comprises a unitary and endless strip of material. The band124 preferably includes an elastic material, such as an elastomericresin.

The illustrated band 124 removably interconnects the spool 178 and thelever 122. More particularly, the band 124 is elongated to form oppositeends 268,270, with the end 268 being removably attached to the hub 214by one of the pins 126 (see FIG. 8). The other end 270 of the band 124is removably attached to the housing 51 by inserting another one of thepins 126 and the end 270 into one of the exterior slots 198. The slottedopening 196 permits the band 124 to extend into and out of the receiver192.

The end 270 can be selectively secured in any one of the exterior slots198. It will be understood that insertion of the end 270 into the slot198 closest to the slotted opening 196 will result in relatively minimalstretching of the band 124. On the other hand, insertion of the end 270into the slot 198 farthest from the slotted opening 196 will result in arelatively larger amount of stretching of the band 124. This arrangementprovides adjustability in the spring force exerted on the lever 122 bythe band 124.

With the lever 122 in the uppermost position, the band 124 is preferablyresiliently stretched and urges the spool 178 to rotate in the windingdirection W. In turn, the tension force applied by the band 124 to thespool 178 serves to tension the strap 180 so that the lever 122 and thecorresponding helmet-engagement surface 120 are yieldably biased towardthe uppermost position.

As the lever 122 is shifted downwardly away from the uppermost position,the spool 178 is rotated in the unwinding direction U, which preferablyincreases the amount of stretch experienced by the resilient band 124and increases the tension in the band 124. As a result, the tension inthe strap 180 generally increases as the lever 122 moves toward thelowermost position. While this increasing tension in the band 124 andthe strap 180 is preferred to urge the lever 122 to return to theuppermost position, the tension in these components could be variedwhile still yieldably biasing the helmet-engagement surfaces 120 towardthe uppermost position.

Furthermore, various alternative mechanisms could be provided toyieldably bias the surfaces 120 into the uppermost position withoutdeparting from the scope of the present invention. For instance, themotion restrictor 30 could include a linear spring (not shown) thatinterconnects the stop-arm 130 and the harness 32 to urge the surfaces120 upwardly.

The illustrated bands 124 are preferably operably disconnected from eachother so that each band 124 can operate independently of the other band124. Because the levers 122 are operably connected to correspondingbrake assemblies 36 and shiftable relative to each other, the levers 122are operable to pivot independently of one another and are configured tobe biased independently of one another by the corresponding band 124toward the uppermost position. However, for some aspects of the presentinvention, the bands 124 could be operably connected to cooperativelyprovide yieldable upward biasing of the levers 122. Furthermore, themotion restrictor 30 could include a single band or alternative biasingmember to provide yieldable upward biasing of the levers 122.

In the illustrated embodiment, the bands 124 urge the levers 122 in adirection opposite the downward direction of injurious movement,although the resistance provided by the bands 124 is generallynegligible. That is, the resistance to downward injurious movementprovided by the bands 124 is unlikely to have a significant impact onthe injurious movement.

In use, the motion restrictor 30 can be donned by the user P todecelerate and stop the helmet H in response to excessive accelerationand/or external force, particularly when the acceleration or force couldlead to injury of the user. The user can don the helmet H prior todonning the motion restrictor 30. However, the user could alternativelydon the helmet H after donning the motion restrictor 30.

Prior to donning the motion restrictor 30, the levers 122 are preferablymoved to the stored position (see FIGS. 18-20) to restrict the levers122 from interfering with the donning process. Once the motionrestrictor 30 and helmet H are both donned, the levers 122 can then bereleased from the stored position. However, the motion restrictor 30could be donned with the levers 122 out of the stored position (e.g.,with the levers 122 in the uppermost position). If the user dons thehelmet H prior to donning the motion restrictor 30, the helmet H couldinterfere with donning of the motion restrictor 30, particularly if thelevers 122 are not secured in the stored position.

The motion restrictor 30 can be donned by first entirely detaching thesections 46,48 from one another. The detached sections 46,48 can then bepositioned on opposite sides of the neck N and then attached to oneanother.

Alternatively, the motion restrictor 30 can be donned by first havingone of the male connectors 102 attached to a corresponding one of thefemale connectors 70. The sections 46,48 can then be swung so that theneck N of user P can move through the open passage defined between thesections 46,48. With the neck N received in the neck opening 114, theother pair of male and female connectors 102,70 can be swung toward eachother to close the open passage. The male and female connectors 102,70can then be engaged to secure the harness 32 around the user's neck N.

With the motion restrictor 30 and helmet H donned, the motion restrictor30 permits the user to comfortably and easily slide the helmetfore-and-aft, slide the helmet laterally to a limited extent, rotate thehelmet from side-to-side, and tilt the helmet in a fore-and-aftdirection and/or in a lateral direction. In this manner, the user's headand the helmet are permitted to freely move relative to the user's torsoas if the user was not wearing the motion restrictor 30.

The motion restrictor 30 can be selectively removed by the user bydetaching either one or both pairs of male and female connectors 102,70from each other so that the sections 46,48 can be moved apart from eachother. The user can move the levers 122 to the stored position prior toremoving the motion restrictor 30, although such a step is optional.

Turning to FIGS. 22 and 23, an alternative motion restrictor 300 isdepicted. For the sake of brevity, the following description will focusprimarily on the differences of this embodiment from the first preferredembodiment described above. The alternative motion restrictor 300generally includes a harness 302, an alternative helmet-engagingcomponent 304, and centrifugal brake assemblies 306.

Each brake assembly 306 is mounted in a housing 308 of the harness 302.The brake assembly 306 includes, among other things, a spool 310, and analternative connecting strap 312.

The alternative helmet-engaging component 304 preferably includes a pairof elongated leaf spring elements 314. The helmet-engaging component 304also preferably includes resilient bands (not shown) similar to band 124to urge the respective spool 310 to rotate in a winding direction towind up the corresponding strap 312.

The leaf spring elements 314 each present a helmet-engagement surface316. Each leaf spring element 314 flexes as the corresponding one of thehelmet-engagement surfaces 316 shifts along the range of motion.

The leaf spring element 314 presents opposite front and rear ends318,320. The rear end 320 is preferably fixed relative to the harness302, while the front end 318 is preferably shiftable along the harness302. More particularly, the front end 318 is preferably shiftableforwardly and downwardly along the harness 302 to accommodate downwardflexing of the leaf spring element 314. In a similar manner, the frontend 318 is preferably shiftable rearwardly and upwardly along theharness 302 to accommodate upward flexing of the leaf spring element314.

The leaf spring element 314 is preferably configured to flex between anuppermost unflexed position (not shown) and a plurality of flexedpositions. In the unflexed position, the helmet-engagement surface 316presents a generally convex shape.

For instance, when the helmet H and motion restrictor 300 are donned bythe user and the user's neck is in a normally relaxed and uprightposition, the leaf spring elements 314 preferably engage the helmet Hand are flexed downwardly into a normal flexed position (see FIG. 22).In the normal flexed position, the front end 318 moves forwardly anddownwardly from the unflexed position. Furthermore, the convex shape ofat least part of the helmet-engagement surface 316 is generallyflattened when compared to the unflexed position.

When the helmet H and motion restrictor 300 are donned by the user andthe user's neck and head are moved relative to the harness 302, the leafspring elements 314 preferably engage the helmet H and are flexeddownwardly to a greater degree into a lower flexed position. In thelower flexed position, the front end 318 moves forwardly and downwardlyfrom the normal flexed position. Furthermore, the convex shape of atleast part of the helmet-engagement surface 316 is generally flattenedwhen compared to the normal flexed position. The brake assembly 306operates to halt flexing of the leaf spring element 314 in response toinjurious movement of the helmet H.

Turning again to the motion restrictor 30 shown in FIGS. 1-21, themotion restrictor 30 preferably presents a fore-and-aft restrictor axisA1 (see FIG. 3). The axis A1 extends in a fore-and-aft direction tobisect the harness 32, with the levers 122 being spaced laterally inopposite lateral directions from the axis A1. The restrictor axis A1preferably lies in a restrictor sagittal plane (not shown), where thesagittal plane extends vertically and in the forward-facing direction F(see FIGS. 24-30). Similarly, the helmet H presents a fore-and-afthelmet axis A2 (see FIG. 27). The axis A2 extends fore-and-aft to bisectthe helmet H.

When the helmet H and motion restrictor 30 are donned by the wearer andthe helmet H faces in the forward-facing direction F, the axes A1,A2 arepreferably coplanar. In particular, the axes A1,A2 both lie in therestrictor sagittal plane. The forward-facing direction F corresponds toa reference helmet orientation where the helmet visor faces forwardlyrelative to the harness 32 (see FIGS. 1 and 24).

Furthermore, when the helmet H and motion restrictor 30 are donned bythe wearer and the helmet H faces in the forward-facing direction F, theaxes A1,A2 both preferably lie in a median sagittal plane (not shown) ofthe wearer. As used herein, a median sagittal plane refers to a planethat extends vertically and fore-and-aft to divide the wearer's bodydown the middle into equal left and right sides. Preferably, therestrictor sagittal plane is substantially coplanar with the mediansagittal plane of the wearer, although the planes could be laterallyoffset relative to one another.

Turning to FIG. 27, the helmet H includes a lower rim that defines thelower helmet opening 43. The lower rim extends endlessly about the lowerhelmet opening 43. The lower rim also forms the lowermost margin 42 ofthe helmet H. The helmet opening 43 presents fore and aft helmet openingends 43 a,43 b (see FIGS. 2, 24, and 27).

The helmet H preferably comprises a full face helmet that surrounds thewearer's face and generally crosses over the wearer's mouth. However,the restrictor 30 could be used in connection with at least some openface helmets (not shown) that do not cross over the wearer's mouth. Forsome open face helmets, the lower rim extends around the back and sidesof the wearer's head and neck.

The levers 122 are configured to engage the rim at a contact location CL(see FIGS. 24-26) to restrict helmet movement. As will be shown, thecontact location CL shifts fore and aft as the helmet H moves (primarilyas rotational motion) generally along the fore-and-aft direction. In theillustrated embodiment, the rim preferably includes forward and aft rimsections and intermediate rim sections. The intermediate rim sectionsprovide a primary contact region PCR of the lower rim (see FIG. 27).

For some open face helmets (not shown) that are compatible with themotion restrictor 30, the lower rim includes intermediate rim sectionsand aft rim sections, while including little or no part of a forward rimsection. It will be appreciated that some helmets are not compatiblewith the motion restrictor 30.

When the motion restrictor 30 and helmet H are donned by the wearer, anycontact made by the levers 122 against the helmet H preferably occurs inthe primary contact region PCR while the helmet H is within apredetermined range of helmet angle α associated with normal flexion andextension of the spine S (as will be discussed below) and while the axisA2 of helmet H extends at least generally in the sagittal plane. Alsowhen the motion restrictor 30 and helmet H are donned, the helmet H ispreferably positioned relative to the harness 32 so that the primarycontact region PCR at least partly overlaps the harness 32 along thefore-and-aft direction. Furthermore, the primary contact region PCRpreferably at least partly overlaps the neck opening 114 along thefore-and-aft direction. As will be discussed below, the primary contactregion PCR is preferably spaced between the fore and aft helmet openingends 43 a,43 b.

The helmet angle α is a measure of helmet rotation associated withflexion and extension of the spine, where the helmet H rotates fore andaft along the sagittal plane. The helmet angle α is measured relative tothe reference helmet orientation (see FIG. 24), where the spine Sassumes a normal unflexed spine condition with normal spine curvature.As used herein, a helmet flexion angle is measured relative to thereference helmet orientation and is associated with correspondingflexion of the spine S (i.e., flexing of the spine S forwardly out ofthe normal unflexed spine condition). A helmet extension angle ismeasured relative to the reference helmet orientation and is associatedwith corresponding extension of the spine S (i.e., extending or dorsallyflexing the spine S rearwardly out of the normal unextended/unflexedspine condition). These measurements of helmet angle α generallycorrespond to measurements of flexion and extension taken using agoniometer (not shown).

Because the helmet H fits snugly on the wearer's head, the helmet angleα generally corresponds to the angle of flexion or extension associatedwith the wearer's head, particularly during normal operating conditionswhere the shell of the helmet H is not experiencing an external impactforce. However, it will be appreciated that the head could rotate to aslightly (and preferably generally insignificant) greater or lesserdegree than the helmet under some conditions (e.g., where the helmet Hdoes not fit snugly on the wearer's head).

Helmet rotation is generally produced by flexion and extension of thecervical spine, independent of any movement of the thoracic spine.However, it will be appreciated that some helmet rotation could beproduced partly by thoracic spine movement.

The levers 122 may contact the helmet H outside of the primary contactregion PCR for extreme helmet movement. For instance, such contact canoccur for extreme cases of flexion and extension. Such contact can alsooccur when the helmet H is rotated about a vertical axis so that theaxes A1,A2 are not coplanar (e.g., when the head twists about a verticalaxis while rotating also in the fore-and-aft direction).

The intermediate rim sections define a fore-and-aft dimension D4 of theprimary contact region PCR that is less than an opening length dimensionD1. In the illustrated embodiment, the ratio of the dimension D4 to thelength dimension D1 preferably ranges from about 0.2 to about 0.7 and,more preferably, is about 0.4 to about 0.7.

Again, the primary contact region PCR is preferably spaced between thefore and aft helmet opening ends 43 a,43 b. In particular, the forwardand aft rim sections define corresponding forward and aft spacingdimensions D2,D3. The spacing dimensions D2,D3 are associated with thedistance between the primary contact region PCR and each helmet openingend 43 a,43 b, respectively. A ratio of the forward spacing dimension D2to the length dimension D1 preferably ranges from about 0.1 to about 0.4and, more preferably, is about 0.2 to about 0.3. A ratio of the aftspacing dimension D3 to the length dimension D1 preferably ranges fromabout 0.1 to about 0.4 and, more preferably, is about 0.2 to about 0.3.

Similarly, a ratio of the forward spacing dimension D2 to the dimensionD4 preferably ranges from about 0.1 to about 1.5 and, more preferably,is about 0.4 to about 0.8. A ratio of the aft spacing dimension D3 tothe dimension D4 preferably ranges from about 0.1 to about 1.2 and, morepreferably, is about 0.4 to about 1.0.

Turning to FIGS. 24-26, when the motion restrictor 30 and the helmet Hare donned by the wearer, the levers 122 are preferably operable toengage the rim of the helmet H to restrict helmet movement.

In the illustrated embodiment, the levers 122 preferably engage thehelmet H for a helmet angle α that ranges from about forty degrees (40°)flexion (see FIG. 25) to about twenty degrees (20°) extension (see FIG.26). Helmet-lever contact between the levers 122 and the helmet H ispreferably maintained throughout this preferred range of helmet angle α.More preferably, helmet-lever contact is maintained for helmet angle αthat ranges from about thirty-five degrees (35°) flexion to about tendegrees (10°) extension and, most preferably, for helmet angle α ofabout thirty degrees (30°) flexion.

However, it is within the scope of the present invention where thelevers 122 engage the helmet H along another preferred range of helmetangle α. For instance, according to some aspects of the presentinvention, the levers 122 could contact the helmet H outside of theangular ranges described above.

Associated with the above-referenced helmet angle α, the helmet Hpreferably swings between forward and rearward helmet positions spacedangularly relative to one another along the restrictor sagittal plane todefine therebetween a helmet range of swinging movement. The forward andrearward helmet positions are preferably associated with correspondingflexion and extension spine positions of the user. The helmet range ofswinging movement is preferably at least about forty-five degrees (45°).

For the helmet angular range described above, the contact location CLbetween the levers 122 and the helmet H is preferably in the primarycontact region PCR. That is, when the motion restrictor 30 and helmet Hare donned by the wearer, any contact made by the levers 122 against thehelmet H occurs in the primary contact region PCR while the helmet H iswithin the preferred helmet angular range.

By having the contact location CL positioned in region PCR throughoutthe helmet angular range, the contact location CL is positioned adjacentthe spine S throughout the helmet angular range. It has been found thatsuch positioning of the contact location CL enables the helmet H andlevers 122 to safely transfer downward helmet forces to the harness 32.A downward force applied by the helmet H to the levers can correspond toor be a component of a linear force and/or a rotational forceexperienced by the helmet H (e.g., due to the helmet colliding with anobject other than motion restrictor 30).

For the reference helmet orientation and all helmet extension anglesassociated with extension of the spine S, the illustrated levers 122extend forwardly of the contact location CL between the levers 122 andthe helmet H (see FIGS. 24 and 26). That is, the distal end of lever 122is spaced below the helmet H. Also, for some helmet flexion anglesassociated with flexion of the spine, the distal end of lever 122engages the helmet H (see FIG. 25).

For the illustrated restrictor 30, the levers 122 are mounted at pivots162. The pivots 162 are preferably located outside of the region PCRwhen the helmet H is within the preferred helmet angular range. Morepreferably, the pivots 162 are spaced aft of the region PCR. Thispreferred location of the pivots 162 and the positioning of the contactlocation CL within the region PCR enables the levers 122 to effectivelyengage the helmet H throughout the preferred helmet angular range.

Turning to FIGS. 28-30, an alternative motion restrictor 400 isdepicted. The alternative motion restrictor 400 includes, among otherthings, a harness 402 and an alternative helmet-engaging component 404.The component 404 preferably includes a pair of alternative levers 406that present an alternative helmet-engagement surface 408 and a distallever end 410.

The illustrated levers 406 present a lever length that is relativelyshorter than the length of levers 122. For the reference helmetorientation and all helmet flexion angles associated with flexion of thespine, the distal lever end 410 engages the helmet H (see FIGS. 28 and29). For at least some helmet extension angles associated with extensionof the spine, the distal lever end 410 is spaced below the helmet H (seeFIG. 30).

Although the levers 406 are shorter than the levers 122, the levers 406are designed to engage the helmet H as described above concerning levers122. For example, as with the first embodiment, the levers 406 engagethe helmet H for a helmet angle α that preferably ranges from aboutforty degrees (40°) flexion (see FIG. 29) to about ten degrees (10°)extension. Contact between the levers 406 and the helmet H is preferablymaintained throughout this preferred helmet angular range. However, forsome aspects of the present invention, the levers 406 could engage thehelmet H along an alternative range of helmet angle α.

For the helmet angular ranges described above, the contact location CLbetween the levers 406 and the helmet H is preferably in the primarycontact region PCR. That is, when the motion restrictor 30 and helmet Hare donned by the wearer, any contact made by the levers 406 against thehelmet H occurs in the primary contact region PCR while the helmet H iswithin the preferred helmet angular range.

Turning to FIGS. 31 and 32, an alternative motion restrictor 500 isdepicted. For the sake of brevity, the following description of thisembodiment will focus primarily on the differences of this embodimentfrom the first preferred embodiment described above. The alternativemotion restrictor 500 includes, among other things, an alternativeharness 502 and a helmet-engaging component 504.

The harness 502 is configured to support and position the motionrestrictor 500 relative to the user's head when the motion restrictor500 is donned by the user P. The harness 502 preferably includes forwardand aft sections 506,508, a pair of flexible shoulder straps 510, and apair of flexible below-arm straps 512.

The illustrated aft section 508 preferably includes a back panel 514 anda shoulder support 516 that are integrally formed with one another todefine a unitary and generally rigid structure.

The shoulder support 516 is unitary and preferably includes an aft plate518 and shoulder plates 520. The aft plate 518 includes connectors 522that secure the below-arm straps 512 to the aft section 508. Theshoulder plates 520 extend forwardly from the aft plate 518 and includeconnectors 522 that secure the shoulder straps 510 to the aft section508.

Each shoulder strap 510 and below-arm strap 512 includes a unitarywebbing strip 524 and a unitary tongue 526 fixed to a forward end of thewebbing strip 524. The rearward end of each webbing strip 524 isattached to the aft section 508 with respective connectors 522. Eachwebbing strip 524 preferably comprises a flexible webbing that includesa synthetic resin material, such as nylon. However, it will beunderstood that the flexible webbing could include alternative materialswithout departing from the scope of the present invention.

When the harness 502 is donned by the user P, the shoulder plates 520are located adjacent the user's shoulders to permit the shoulder straps510 to rest on the shoulders. That is, the shoulder straps 510preferably provide shoulder-engagement sections of the harness 502. Theaft plate 518 is positioned adjacent the user's back, and the below-armstraps 512 are generally located below the user's shoulders.

The forward section 506 preferably includes a breastplate 528, a pair ofupper buckles 530, and a pair of lower buckles 532. Each buckle 530includes a housing 534 and a latch mechanism 536 operably mounted withinthe housing 534. The illustrated housings 534 are integrally formed withthe breastplate 528. Each buckle 530 also presents a slotted opening 538to receive the tongue 526 of the shoulder strap 510. The lower buckles532 include a housing 542 and latch mechanisms 536 and present slottedopenings 538.

In the usual manner, each latch mechanism 536 is preferably anormally-closed latch device with a latch release button 544. Each latchmechanism 536 is removably connectable to one of the tongues 526. Withthe tongue 526 attached to the respective buckle 530,532, the releasebutton 544 can be depressed to open the latch and permit detachment ofthe tongue 526 and the buckle 530,532.

When attached to one another, the forward and aft sections 506,508 andshoulder straps 510 cooperatively define an endless collar 546. Thecollar 546 presents a central neck opening 548 configured to receive theneck of the user. When the harness 502 is donned, the collar 546 extendsendlessly around the neck of the user.

With the collar 546 being donned, the below-arm straps 512 can beremovably secured to the forward section 506. Again, the below-armstraps 512 are removably connected to lower buckles 532 of the forwardsection 506. The secured straps 512 extend generally horizontally and ina forward direction from the aft section 508 to the forward section 506.

The straps 512 are sized and configured to snugly secure the harness 502on the user while restricting harness movement relative to the user. Aswith the prior embodiments, the straps 512 serve to restrict upwardmovement of the harness 502 by engaging the user below the shoulder.Generally, each strap 512 passes between a corresponding arm of the userP and the user's torso so that the strap 512 passes below the user'sarmpit. Furthermore, the straps 512 preferably draw the forward and aftsections 506,508 toward each other so that the harness 502 is snuglyheld on the user.

Although the above description presents features of preferredembodiments of the present invention, other preferred embodiments mayalso be created in keeping with the principles of the invention. Suchother preferred embodiments may, for instance, be provided with featuresdrawn from one or more of the embodiments described above. Yet further,such other preferred embodiments may include features from multipleembodiments described above, particularly where such features arecompatible for use together despite having been presented independentlyas part of separate embodiments in the above description.

The preferred forms of the invention described above are to be used asillustration only, and should not be utilized in a limiting sense ininterpreting the scope of the present invention. Obvious modificationsto the exemplary embodiments, as hereinabove set forth, could be readilymade by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit ofthe present invention.

The inventors hereby state their intent to rely on the Doctrine ofEquivalents to determine and assess the reasonably fair scope of thepresent invention as pertains to any apparatus not materially departingfrom but outside the literal scope of the invention as set forth in thefollowing claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A motion restrictor system for reducing the risk of head or spine injury, said system comprising: a protective helmet presenting a helmet lower margin that defines a lower helmet opening, with the opening receiving a neck of the user when the helmet is worn, said helmet swinging between forward and rearward helmet positions spaced angularly relative to one another along a fore-and-aft bisecting plane to define therebetween a helmet range of swinging movement, wherein the forward and rearward helmet positions are associated with corresponding flexion and extension spine positions of the user and the helmet range of swinging movement is at least about forty-five degrees; and a motion restrictor device wearable with the helmet to reduce the risk of head or spine injury caused by injurious movement of the helmet, said motion restrictor device including— a harness wearable by the user of the helmet, and a helmet-engaging component supported on the harness, said helmet-engaging component presenting laterally spaced apart, fore-and-aft extending helmet-engagement surfaces positioned on opposite sides of the neck of the user when the device is worn, each of said helmet-engagement surfaces being configured to shift while in contact with the helmet lower margin as the helmet moves along the helmet range of swinging movement, said helmet-engaging component being operable to yieldably bias the helmet-engagement surfaces toward the lower margin when the device and helmet are worn, such that contact with the helmet is maintained with at least one of the helmet-engagement surfaces through at least substantially the entire helmet range of swinging movement.
 2. The motion restrictor system as claimed in claim 1, said harness presenting laterally spaced apart shoulder-engagement sections that extend fore-and-aft along opposite sides of the helmet opening, with each shoulder-engagement section being configured for placement on top of a respective shoulder of the user when the harness is worn, said helmet-engagement surfaces being positioned over the shoulder-engagement sections when the harness is worn.
 3. The motion restrictor system as claimed in claim 2, said helmet-engagement surfaces being upwardly convex to maintain contact with the helmet as the helmet moves fore-and-aft.
 4. The motion restrictor system as claimed in claim 1, said harness presenting laterally spaced apart shoulder-engagement sections that extend in a fore-and-aft direction along opposite sides of the helmet opening, with each shoulder-engagement section being configured for placement on top of a respective shoulder of the user when the harness is worn, said helmet-engaging component including a pair of swingable helmet-engaging levers pivotally mounted relative to the harness at a pivot, each of said levers extending along the fore-and-aft direction from the pivot to present a corresponding one of the helmet-engagement surfaces.
 5. The motion restrictor system as claimed in claim 4, said helmet-engagement surfaces being upwardly convex to maintain contact with the helmet as the helmet moves fore-and-aft and the levers swing about the pivot.
 6. The motion restrictor system as claimed in claim 4, said harness presenting a central neck opening which receives the neck of the user when the harness is worn, said neck opening extending in the fore-and-aft direction to present opposite fore and aft neck opening ends; said pivot located closer to a first one of the neck opening ends than a second one of the neck opening ends, said levers extending in the fore-and-aft direction from the pivot toward the second one of the neck opening ends, such that the helmet-engagement surfaces are positioned over the shoulder-engagement sections on opposite sides of the neck of the user when the harness is worn.
 7. The motion restrictor device as claimed in claim 6, said pivot being located adjacent the aft neck opening end, with the helmet-engaging levers extending forwardly to position the helmet-engagement surfaces over the shoulder-engagement sections.
 8. The motion restrictor device as claimed in claim 7, said levers extending forwardly beyond the shoulder-engagement sections.
 9. The motion restrictor device as claimed in claim 7, each of said helmet-engaging levers being detached from each other so that the helmet-engagement surfaces are shiftable independently of one another.
 10. The motion restrictor device as claimed in claim 9, said helmet-engaging component including a pair of pivots coupled to the harness, with the pair of pivots including the first-mentioned pivot.
 11. The motion restrictor device as claimed in claim 10, each of said levers presenting a main body portion extending forwardly from a respective one of the pivots to define the corresponding one of the helmet-engagement surfaces, each of said levers including a stop-arm portion extending rearwardly from the respective one of the pivots, each of said stop-arm portions being configured to contact the harness and thereby limit swinging of the lever.
 12. The motion restrictor device as claimed in claim 11, said main body portion swinging generally up and down to define a range of motion of the corresponding one of the helmet-engagement surfaces, with contact between the stop-arm portion and the harness serving to limit upward swinging of the main body portion.
 13. The motion restrictor device as claimed in claim 12, each of said levers swinging at least in part generally up and down to define the range of motion of the corresponding one of the helmet-engagement surfaces, said helmet-engaging component including a biasing member coupled to the levers to yieldably bias the helmet-engagement surfaces upwardly.
 14. The motion restrictor device as claimed in claim 13, said biasing member including a pair of resilient bands, each of which is coupled between the harness and a corresponding one of the stop arm portions to resiliently stretch as the helmet-engagement surface shifts downwardly along the range of motion.
 15. The motion restrictor system as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: a brake assembly operable to restrict shifting of at least one of the helmet-engagement surfaces in response to injurious movement of the helmet.
 16. The motion restrictor system as claimed in claim 1, said helmet opening extending in a fore-and-aft direction to present opposite fore and aft helmet opening ends, said helmet lower margin presenting a primary contact region spaced between the helmet opening ends, said helmet-engaging component including a pair of laterally spaced apart, fore-and-aft extending helmet-engaging levers positioned on opposite sides of the neck of the user when the device is worn, each of said levers presenting a corresponding one of the helmet-engagement surfaces, said helmet-engaging component being operable to yieldably bias each of the helmet-engaging levers toward the lower margin such that contact with the helmet within the primary contact region is maintained with at least one of the helmet-engaging levers as the helmet moves fore-and-aft.
 17. The motion restrictor system as claimed in claim 1, said harness including a back panel dimensioned and configured to be placed against the back of the user, said harness further including a breastplate dimensioned and configured to be placed against the chest of the user, said harness including a pair of flexible shoulder straps, each of which is attached relative to the back panel and the breastplate and extends therebetween for placement on top of a corresponding one of the shoulders of the user.
 18. The motion restrictor device as claimed in claim 17, further comprising: a pair of flexible below-arm straps interconnecting the back panel and the breastplate and located below the shoulder straps to extend below the shoulders of the user.
 19. A motion restrictor system wearable by a user, said system comprising: a protective helmet presenting a helmet lower margin that defines a lower helmet opening, with the opening receiving a neck of the user when the helmet is worn, said helmet opening extending in a fore-and-aft direction to present opposite fore and aft helmet opening ends, said helmet lower margin presenting a primary contact region spaced between the helmet opening ends; and a motion restrictor device wearable with the helmet to reduce the risk of head or spine injury caused by injurious movement of the helmet, said motion restrictor device including— a harness wearable by the user of the helmet, a helmet-engaging component supported on the harness, said helmet-engaging component including a pair of laterally spaced apart, fore-and-aft extending helmet-engaging levers positioned on opposite sides of the neck of the user when the device is worn, each of said helmet-engaging levers being swingable while in contact with the helmet lower margin as the helmet moves fore-and-aft, said helmet-engaging component being operable to yieldably bias each of the helmet-engaging levers toward the lower margin when the device and helmet are worn, such that contact with the helmet within the primary contact region is maintained with at least one of the helmet-engaging levers as the helmet moves fore-and-aft.
 20. The motion restrictor system as claimed in claim 19, said harness presenting laterally spaced apart shoulder-engagement sections that extend in a fore-and-aft direction along opposite sides of the helmet opening, with each shoulder-engagement section being configured for placement on top of a respective shoulder of the user when the harness is worn, said helmet-engaging levers pivotally mounted relative to the harness at a pivot and presenting corresponding laterally spaced apart, fore-and-aft extending helmet-engagement surfaces, said levers extending along the fore-and-aft direction from the pivot to present the helmet-engagement surfaces and to maintain contact with the helmet as the helmet moves fore-and-aft.
 21. The motion restrictor system as claimed in claim 20, said helmet-engagement surfaces being upwardly convex to maintain contact with the helmet as the helmet moves fore-and-aft and the levers swing about the pivot.
 22. The motion restrictor system as claimed in claim 20, said harness presenting a central neck opening which receives the neck of the user when the harness is worn, said neck opening extending in the fore-and-aft direction to present opposite fore and aft neck opening ends; said pivot located closer to a first one of the neck opening ends than a second one of the neck opening ends, said levers extending in the fore-and-aft direction from the pivot toward the second one of the neck opening ends, such that the helmet-engagement surfaces are positioned over the shoulder-engagement sections on opposite sides of the neck of the user when the harness is worn.
 23. The motion restrictor device as claimed in claim 22, said pivot being located adjacent the aft neck opening end, with the helmet-engaging levers extending forwardly to position the helmet-engagement surfaces over the shoulder-engagement sections.
 24. The motion restrictor device as claimed in claim 23, said levers extending forwardly beyond the shoulder-engagement sections.
 25. The motion restrictor device as claimed in claim 23, each of said helmet-engaging levers being detached from each other so that the helmet-engagement surfaces are shiftable independently of one another.
 26. The motion restrictor device as claimed in claim 25, said helmet-engaging component including a pair of pivots coupled to the harness, with the pair of pivots including the first-mentioned pivot.
 27. The motion restrictor device as claimed in claim 26, each of said levers presenting a main body portion extending forwardly from a respective one of the pivots to define the corresponding one of the helmet-engagement surfaces, each of said levers including a stop-arm portion extending rearwardly from the respective one of the pivots, each of said stop-arm portions being configured to contact the harness and thereby limit swinging of the lever.
 28. The motion restrictor device as claimed in claim 27, said main body portion swinging generally up and down to define a range of motion of the corresponding one of the helmet-engagement surfaces, with contact between the stop-arm portion and the harness serving to limit upward swinging of the main body portion.
 29. The motion restrictor device as claimed in claim 28, each of said levers swinging at least in part generally up and down to define the range of motion of the corresponding one of the helmet-engagement surfaces, said helmet-engaging component including a biasing member coupled to the levers to yieldably bias the helmet-engagement surfaces upwardly.
 30. The motion restrictor device as claimed in claim 29, said biasing member including a pair of resilient bands, each of which is coupled between the harness and a corresponding one of the stop arm portions to resiliently stretch as the helmet-engagement surface shifts downwardly along the range of motion.
 31. The motion restrictor device as claimed in claim 22, said helmet being positioned relative to the harness so that the primary contact region at least partly overlaps the neck opening along the fore-and-aft direction.
 32. The motion restrictor system as claimed in claim 19, further comprising: a brake assembly operable to restrict shifting of at least one of the helmet-engaging levers in response to injurious movement of the helmet.
 33. The motion restrictor device as claimed in claim 32, said brake assembly being activated to stop substantially all shifting of said at least one of the helmet-engaging levers; and a controller operable to selectively activate the brake assembly.
 34. The motion restrictor device as claimed in claim 33, said controller including a sensor operable to generate a signal representative of an operational parameter, with the signal exceeding a threshold value when the operational parameter corresponds to injurious movement of the helmet, said controller including a processor operably coupled with the sensor and configured to determine when the signal exceeds the threshold value.
 35. The motion restrictor device as claimed in claim 34, said brake assembly including a shiftable brake element that shifts into a braking position when the brake assembly is activated, said brake element being coupled to said at least one of the helmet-engaging levers so that activation of the brake assembly shifts the brake element into the braking position and thereby stops substantially all shifting of said at least one of the helmet-engaging levers, said controller including an actuator operably coupled to the processor and selectively powered to shift the brake element into the braking position when the processor determines the signal exceeds the threshold value, said actuator including a electromagnet that is energized when the actuator is powered, with shifting of the brake element being magnetically induced.
 36. The motion restrictor system as claimed in claim 19, said harness including a back panel dimensioned and configured to be placed against the back of the user, said harness further including a breastplate dimensioned and configured to be placed against the chest of the user, said harness including a pair of flexible shoulder straps, each of which is attached relative to the back panel and the breastplate and extends therebetween for placement on top of a corresponding one of the shoulders of the user.
 37. The motion restrictor device as claimed in claim 36, further comprising: a pair of flexible below-arm straps interconnecting the back panel and the breastplate and located below the shoulder straps to extend below the shoulders of the user.
 38. The motion restrictor system as claimed in claim 19, said helmet being positioned relative to the harness so that the primary contact region at least partly overlaps the harness along the fore-and-aft direction.
 39. A motion restrictor device to be worn with a protective helmet so as to reduce the risk of head or spine injury caused by injurious movement of the helmet, said motion restrictor device comprising: a harness wearable by a user of the helmet; and a helmet-engaging component supported on the harness, said helmet-engaging component presenting laterally spaced apart, fore-and-aft extending helmet-engagement surfaces positioned on opposite sides of the neck of the user when the device is worn, said helmet-engaging component being operable to yieldably bias each of the helmet-engagement surfaces toward the helmet when the device is worn, such that contact with the helmet is maintained as the helmet-engagement surface shifts through the range of motion, said harness including a back panel dimensioned and configured to be placed against the back of the user, said harness further including a breastplate dimensioned and configured to be placed against the chest of the user, said harness including a pair of flexible shoulder straps, each of which is attached relative to the back panel and the breastplate and extends therebetween for placement on top of a corresponding one of the shoulders of the user.
 40. The motion restrictor device as claimed in claim 39, further comprising: a pair of flexible below-arm straps interconnecting the back panel and the breastplate and located below the shoulder straps to extend below the shoulders of the user. 